"Raster graphics". Thank you pixellany, that's the term I was trying to recall.
Searching a bit more, Wikipedia has a page about converting
raster to vector, so it can be done. It even has an example image that was converted with inkscape, a program that's available on Linux. I don't know if inkscape can handle .ai files or not, but if it can do vectorization, I imagine most of the other VG programs can do it as well.
But also notice the warning:
Quote:
Vectorising a photograph will likely change its appearance from "photographic" to "painted" or "drawn"; the photograph may even be transformed into a silhouette.
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So vectorizing doesn't guarantee a perfect copy.
Edit: And here's a page detailing which programs include a raster to vector function:
List of raster to vector conversion software
Edit two: It looks like all the Linux solutions use either autotrace or potrace to do the actual conversion, so those are probably your only options on this platform. The apt-cache description for autotrace says that it started out as a gimp plugin, so you shouldn't even need a VG program to get it into a vectorized form. But you may need one anyway if you want to convert from a free format like .svg to the proprietary adobe .ai form.