http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems
ext3 can go as high as 32TiB, but you have to specify a larger block size.
ext4 will go as high as a EiB!
reiserfs will go as high as 16TiB
XFS will go to 8EiB and the files can be that big too!
You have to create the partition, then create a filesystem on the partition.
fdisk is supposed to handle as high as 2TiB, but no higher. If you really want to use
partitions, use "parted" and create a gpt disklabel (the standard msdos
won't work either). Note that you won't be able to boot from this disk.
Otherwise, you could try just making the filesystem directly on the whole
device (e.g. mke2fs /dev/sda).