Debian is great. Lots of documentation and support groups. Not to mention thousands of different software packages.
As for some of the Philosophy behind it:
"Debian GNU/Linux is a strong supporter of free software. Since many different licenses are used on software, a set of guidelines, the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) were developed to come up with a reasonable definition of what constitutes free software. Only software that complies with the DFSG is allowed in the main distribution of Debian."
http://www.es.debian.org/intro/free
"A Brief History of Debian "
http://www.es.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/
"Social Contract" with the Free Software Community
1.Debian Will Remain 100% Free Software
We promise to keep the Debian GNU/Linux Distribution entirely free software. As there are many definitions of free software, we include the guidelines we use to determine if software is "free" below. We will support our users who develop and run non-free software on Debian, but we will never make the system depend on an item of non-free software."
http://www.es.debian.org/social_contract