Alright, I have an update. It took awhile for it to happen again, surprisingly. But, anyway, here's what happened; I'll go ahead and explain some other eccentricities in case they're related:
This time it didn't unmount unexpectedly; instead, I restarted my computer and it didn't even mount at all. On my desktop, I saw two icons for the same CD (only one drive). I right-clicked one and hit eject, and it ejected, but only ONE of the icons disappeared. The other stayed and gives an error when clicked on and nothing when told to eject.
Here's what's probably the most important: I typed in "mount" and the external drive is not even listed. I typed in "lsusb" and it IS listed. I typed in "mount sdb1" (and sdb1 IS the hd, I didn't just copy-paste what you said

) and it said "mount: can't find sdb1 in /etc/fstab or /etc/mtab." I typed in "umount sdb1" and it said it's not mounted, unsurprisingly.