There's probably a graphical tool to do this. I can tell you console commands.
To see all packages you have run
rpm -qa
Warning: the list will be long! If you want to have it in a file so you can read/browse it later use something like
rpm -qa >filename
When you have a list of packages, you can read description using
rpm -qi packagename
You can also use
rpm -qai
It'll show descriptiuons of all packages. Big warning: much longer than the package list, try not to use
The compiler you have in your system is gcc (g++ for C++). To see all gcc-related packages run
rpm -qa|grep gcc
(you can filter for different names this way)
Libraries - all packages with names beginning with lib. You probably have more than 100, so when you need something rather first google for a library name for the task and later see if you have it installed...