RAND(3)                                         Linux Programmer's Manual                                         RAND(3)



NAME
       rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator

SYNOPSIS
       #include <stdlib.h>

       int rand(void);

       int rand_r(unsigned int *seedp);

       void srand(unsigned int seed);

DESCRIPTION
       The rand() function returns a pseudo-random integer between 0 and RAND_MAX.

       The  srand() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of pseudo-random integers to be returned by
       rand().  These sequences are repeatable by calling srand() with the same seed value.

       If no seed value is provided, the rand() function is automatically seeded with a value of 1.

       The function rand() is not reentrant or thread-safe, since it uses hidden state that is  modified  on  each  call.
       This  might  just be the seed value to be used by the next call, or it might be something more elaborate. In order
       to get reproducible behaviour in a threaded application, this state must be made explicit. The  function  rand_r()
       is supplied with a pointer to an unsigned int, to be used as state.  This is a very small amount of state, so this
       function will be a weak pseudo-random generator. Try drand48_r(3) instead.

RETURN VALUE
       The rand() and rand_r() functions return a value between 0 and RAND_MAX.  The srand() function returns no value.

EXAMPLE
       POSIX 1003.1-2003 gives the following example of an implementation of rand() and srand(), possibly useful when one
       needs the same sequence on two different machines.

           static unsigned long next = 1;

           /* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */
           int myrand(void) {
               next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;
               return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);
           }

           void mysrand(unsigned seed) {
               next = seed;
           }

NOTES
       The  versions  of  rand()  and srand() in the Linux C Library use the same random number generator as random() and
       srandom(), so the lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits.  However, on older rand()  imple-
       mentations,  and  on  current implementations on different systems, the lower-order bits are much less random than
       the higher-order bits.  Do not use this function in applications intended to be portable when good  randomness  is
       needed.

       In  Numerical  Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing (William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul A. Teukol-
       sky, William T. Vetterling; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992 (2nd ed., p. 277)), the following  comments
       are made:
              "If  you  want  to  generate a random integer between 1 and 10, you should always do it by using high-order
              bits, as in

                     j = 1 + (int) (10.0 * (rand() / (RAND_MAX + 1.0)));

              and never by anything resembling

                     j = 1 + (rand() % 10);

              (which uses lower-order bits)."

       Random-number generation is a complex topic.  The Numerical Recipes in C book (see reference  above)  provides  an
       excellent discussion of practical random-number generation issues in Chapter 7 (Random Numbers).

       For  a  more theoretical discussion which also covers many practical issues in depth, please see Chapter 3 (Random
       Numbers) in Donald E. Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming, volume 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms), 2nd ed.; Read-
       ing, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981.

CONFORMING TO
       The functions rand() and srand() conform to SVID 3, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899, POSIX 1003.1-2003.  The function rand_r() is
       from POSIX 1003.1-2003.

SEE ALSO
       drand48(3), random(3)



                                                        2003-11-15                                                RAND(3)

#include <cstdlib>

int foo = rand() ;

void seedit(void)
{
    struct timeval tv;

    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);

    srand(tv.tv_sec * tv.tv_usec);
}