Hello and welcome to LQ.
No is my suspicion only because you asked the question.
Maybe is the best answer. While Android does use a linux kernel and many of the drivers are in fact in there you would need to meet a few things. One is a way to run linux assuming you didn't root your device and massively change it.
https://sourceforge.net/projects/limbopcemulator/ or some other way to emulate a pc or similar device such as ARM or such.
The next part is of course a way to access the usb device where I assume you have a VM hard drive of this usb install. That would be easier than trying to boot directly from the usb I'd think.
All in all, unless you are good at looking up info on the web to get past issues it won't work. Unless you don't mind using something that is almost slow to the point of useless then don't bother. I doubt you could get wifi to work on this either.
My suggestion would be to buy a used laptop and run a more conventional distro that has to real use.
Can I run or use linux live persistent on Android
