I believe the answer is a qualified "yes".
Qualified, because each chip version produced by a factory is/can be customized to that particular use the chip is for (it is an embedded processor). But as far as the user space goes
you can look at the product tables to see what is available for each.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of...oarchitectures
And yes, this is a repeat.
Some chips don't have the DSP instructions.
Some don't have floating point.
Some have half precision floating point.
Most of them after v5 have the "thumb" instruction set - but if you limit the application to these you also lose the extended capability of the higher versions (and can lose performance).
The cortex M base is a bit more standardized, (goes from v4 through v7) but even there, the variations may cause problems for some applications.
And the 64 bit version doesn't have the thumb instruction set.