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And there's a reason browsers don't. Try to define "adult content" or "offensive content" and include everything you can think of and you'll see the problem with blocking. Some systems are so stupid they'll happily block "accepted" sites and content on the basis of one instance of one keyword hit.
Some options I can think of are: no browsing at all (major bonus points if they know how to use email, connect to a FTP site, MUD, use IRC or IM, after all the internet is more than WWW), supervised browsing, restricting Internet access to known good sites (ah, so they'll head over to a friends house or public access point) or educating them (so they kinda know what's coming and have the choice, a defense).
Of course there are more options using some kind of content blocker using Squid for instance (please search LQ), but in the end that's not waterproof and will cost you a lot of time making sure it'll all be covered. Don't let that stop you though.
I once read an article about how quickly children could bypass (intentionally or not, though intentionally was often a bit harder) this protection. It was tested in a class with like 10 year olds and within minutes the first sites had already been visited. Even keywords that you'd normally think wouldn't lead to those sites does. In my own experience I landed on an adult site once via google when my keywords were maths and "artificial intelligence".
Its an issue many people and organisations regard as importantant but its not a browser issue. Browsers MUST give you what's out there when you ask for it. Modern browsers already protect you from things you don't ask fror (popups, cookies etc).
What you want to do is to stop users from asking for something. As some have suggested, you can do that physically if you can always be there when kids are near the Internet. If that's not possible then you need an auxilliary solution to block sites. If you know the specific sites you want to block you can simply list them in the hosts file, giving each one the ip of your local computer, but chances are you dont know which ones because there are so many.
Have a look at DansGuardian. It will give you a higher level of protection and for a fee it will try to stay reasonably current.
The reality is though that times have changed and even if you block access on the home computer there are zillions of others that are unprotected and most kids know where to find at least one of them.
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