The error message “Unattached Inode” means that a file has been created and written to but has not been attached to the directory structure. In this case, it can't be a system file (unless you've tried to delete one).
Normally, you would expect fsck to fix this type of problem. The file itself will be created in the /lost+found directory, but because there is no directory entry for this file, it will not have the right filename.
You'll know if a system file is damaged because a) your computer won't start or b) a service won't start during start-up.
In case a), boot off a rescue disk and trace the boot process through to the point where the system failed to boot. Then reinstall the package that it was trying to start (normally, this will be the kernel). If it didn't boot at all, reinstall the bootloader.
In case b), reinstall the package that failed to start.
In either case, if you reinstall using
then you should expect your data to remain in tact (though this may depend on the package).
Another option is to keep backups of your filesystem images, and then restore the entire filesystem in the event of a crash. This isn't ideal as you lose data back to the previous backup, but it's likely to be the solution with the fastest recovery time. In any case, you should always keep regular backups in case of a catastrophic failure, such as a hard disk dying.
Edit: If you're using RPM, then you can use the console command:
Code:
rpm --verify --all | less
to go through each of your installed files and check if any of them have been modified against the installed version. But note that being modified isn't necessarily a filesystem fault; for instance, configuration files often get changed when you configure things.