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AES and RC4 are both encyption ciphers. They work differently in that AES is a block cipher while RC4 is a stream cipher. TKIP isn't a cipher like the other 2, but rather a protocol for implementing the RC4 cipher, similar to how WEP is an encryption implementation (that also uses RC4). However TKIP uses RC4 in a different way than WEP does.
For more info on AES and RC4, wikipedia actually has a really good pages. If you want more comprehensive material (as well as extensive introductory material), I would strongly recommend reading Applied Cryptography by Bruce Schneier.
Like Capt Caveman said, Wikipedia has some great definitions for almost all methods. I would also recommend that you check out Triple DES too. DES3 is a little slower than AES but also very secure.
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