Use the manual, gents!
 

3 years later, but for reference:

use this command on Linux:
man mount
Then scroll down to the vfat options:
Mount options for vfat
First of all, the mount options for fat are recognized. The dotsOK option is explicitly killed by vfat. Further‐
more, there are

uni_xlate
Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special escaped sequences. This lets you backup and restore file‐
names that are created with any Unicode characters. Without this option, a '?' is used when no translation
is possible. The escape character is ':' because it is otherwise illegal on the vfat filesystem. The escape
sequence that gets used, where u is the unicode character, is: ':', (u & 0x3f), ((u>>6) & 0x3f), (u>>12).

posix Allow two files with names that only differ in case. This option is obsolete.

nonumtail
First try to make a short name without sequence number, before trying name~num.ext.

utf8 UTF8 is the filesystem safe 8-bit encoding of Unicode that is used by the console. It can be be enabled for
the filesystem with this option or disabled with utf8=0, utf8=no or utf8=false. If `uni_xlate' gets set,
UTF8 gets disabled.

shortname={lower|win95|winnt|mixed}

Defines the behaviour for creation and display of filenames which fit into 8.3 characters. If a long name
for a file exists, it will always be preferred display. There are four modes: :

lower Force the short name to lower case upon display; store a long name when the short name is not all
upper case. This mode is the default.

win95 Force the short name to upper case upon display; store a long name when the short name is not all
upper case.

winnt Display the shortname as is; store a long name when the short name is not all lower case or all upper
case.

mixed Display the short name as is; store a long name when the short name is not all upper case.



Fat12, Fat16, Fat32 all support case-sensitive names. It's just a text field.