I am not sure what you did but first advice is boot any live cd/dvd for linux
if that distro auto mounts any of your internal partitions unmount them
most live cd/dvd will either boot up into root mode if they are dedicated rescue system or will allow you to become fairly easily
so on a live product open terminal and do this
Code:
sudo su
(or su)
blkid
(assuming you want to check only your linux partitions then)
e2fsck -f /dev/sdaX
(change X to what you need to check eg /dev/sda1
see my example here
blkid
/dev/sda1: LABEL="t1" UUID="a15fad0b-fd2d-4dab-b090-283e89e37789" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="378f30fb-01"
/dev/sda2: UUID="4dc910cf-3614-4327-ad09-45d5fbe58ee2" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="378f30fb-02"
/dev/sda3: LABEL="t3" UUID="992321db-95a9-4877-ac3b-56c8eeb078c8" TYPE="ext4" PTTYPE="dos" PARTUUID="378f30fb-03"
/dev/sda4: LABEL="t4" UUID="822402a3-1910-4514-8cc0-20983a81d20a" TYPE="ext4" PTTYPE="dos" PARTUUID="378f30fb-04"
so its /dev/sda1/3/4 are all linux format ext4 filesystem types.....each can be filesytem checked (e2fsck)
if one is mounted you will a warning for most recent live distros like this
e2fsck -f /dev/sda4
e2fsck 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
/dev/sda4 is mounted.
e2fsck: Cannot continue, aborting.
now that you know one is mounted ....un mount it like this....and then repeat the check commmand like this
Code:
umount /dev/sda4
e2fsck -f /dev/sda4
e2fsck 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
t4: 17331/28286976 files (0.3% non-contiguous), 8873632/113118208 blocks
2) it might help to explain how you installed the distro in the first place?
leaping ahead if you are getting lots of errors....and not saying you will....it is generally safer to do a clean install rather than an upgrade of a version of the same distro you have....because upgrades can leave gremlins from the older version behind.