Device drivers tend to be ???.ko and in the /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/.../.../.../???.ko type places depending on what the driver is. But they tend to have to be compiled for a "specific" kernel version. Or the kernel needs settings that tell it to not care, much. Which is probably not the default and insecure. It really depends on WHAT the provided binary is based off of (ubuntu 10.04?).
Otherwise from sources options tend to be easier -ish. For example my rtl8723be driver.
$ git clone
https://github.com/lwfinger/rtlwifi_new.git rtlwifi_new_20170425
$ cd ./rtlwifi_new_20170425
$ make
$ sudo make install
Assuming all the build tools and dependencies (linux-headers) are installed. And reboot for the easy way to load the new driver. Bear in mind that updates to the kernel in question will overwrite the updated driver. If you don't trust the make install as root bit, you can do that step more manually.
Code:
$ find . -iname '*.ko'
$ find /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/ -iname '*rtl_pci*ko*'
$ sudo cp ./rtl_pci.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8192ee/rtl8192ee.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8192ee/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8192cu/rtl8192cu.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8192cu/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8192de/rtl8192de.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8192de/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8192c/rtl8192c-common.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8192c/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8723be/rtl8723be.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8723be/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8821ae/rtl8821ae.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8821ae/
$ sudo cp ./btcoexist/btcoexist.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/btcoexist/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8192se/rtl8192se.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8192se/
$ sudo cp ./rtlwifi.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8723com/rtl8723-common.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8723com/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8192ce/rtl8192ce.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8192ce/
$ sudo cp ./rtl_usb.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8723ae/rtl8723ae.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8723ae/
$ sudo cp ./rtl8188ee/rtl8188ee.ko /lib/modules/3.16.0-4-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/rtlwifi/rtl8188ee/
$ sudo depmod -a
And probably some firmware stuff that ends up in /lib/firmware/rtlwifi/.
$ find . -iname '*.bin'
$ find . -iname '*.fw'
You could simulate this step with premade drivers if extractable and compatible with your kernel version. With dpkg -x or ar and tar steps for .deb type drivers. The biggest hurdle being the compatible with your kernel. Which is probably an instant fail. The short answer, install and use the probably outdated, but blessed distro to use that device with the provided driver. Probably ubuntu 14.04 if it's something recent, to never be updated even when ubuntu 24.04 is the current LTS.