Yes, it is LVM. Use 'dmsetup ls' to display what logical device it is.
One my system, "dm-0" is "vgz00-lvz01" (full path is "/dev/mapper/vgz00-lvz01" or "/dev/vgz00/lvz01", a soft link to "/dev/mapper/vgz00-lvz01"). And my "/dev/mapper/vgz00-lvz01" LVM logical volume is mounted on "/".
You probably have something similar, hence the inability to mount it again.
Code:
[root@athlonz ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 1465137527 sda
8 1 104391 sda1
8 2 25005172 sda2
8 3 1 sda3
8 5 1440026406 sda5
8 16 1465137527 sdb
8 17 104391 sdb1
8 18 25005172 sdb2
8 19 1 sdb3
8 21 1440026406 sdb5
9 0 25005056 md0
253 0 23920640 dm-0
253 1 1048576 dm-1
9 1 1440026304 md1
253 2 562036736 dm-2
253 3 32768 dm-3
253 4 314572800 dm-4
[root@athlonz ~]# dmsetup ls
vgz01-hfsplus (253, 3)
vgz00-lvz01 (253, 0)
vgz00-lvz00 (253, 1)
vgz01-maclv (253, 4)
vgz01-lvz00 (253, 2)
[root@athlonz ~]# mount
/dev/mapper/vgz00-lvz01 on / type ext3 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
/dev/mapper/vgz01-lvz00 on /bkup type ext3 (rw)
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw)
/dev/sdb1 on /boot2 type ext3 (rw)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)
nfsd on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw)