As for 9.x, Mandrake installs its partitions as ext3fs. I haven't tried 10.0 yet, but i guess it uses the same default fs. Of course, you can choose another during the install...
ext3fs (and ext2fs) is, if (im not mistaken, the fs designed for linux.
Concerning the internals of the linux kernel, it has a "virtual file system", which helps programs (and kernel coders) in providing a standard interface to access files. But this vfs can't do much without, underneath him, the specific fs driver of the partition it want to access.
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