Hello,
File extension is not a Linux thing. You can have files without extension without any problem. There are some cases in which general agreement is to use a file extension for example to indicate a shell script (sh), a tar file (tar), compressed tar (tar.gz), and others. So don't look for a command to show file extensions since they're only used in specific cases in Linux. If you're in doubt and want to know what type a certain file is, use the file command:
Kind regards,
Eric