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- How about noise on the I/Os? Are they very stable?
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Not sure to understand what you're talking about, do you want to generate random digital patterns? What do you mean by "stable", continuous? a fixed generation frequency?
By the way, it depends on the I/O peripheral used, if it's buffered, you can expect a continuous random output flow by using method like double-buffering. If not see point bellow. If you need a stable output frequency, here too it depends on the kind of peripheral, if it use an hardware clock to generate pattern it's OK, if not see point bellow.
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- What about real-time? Is it possible to control I/Os in a secure way like it is possible with microcontrollers?
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Linux itself isn't hard realtime capable, but it's soft realtime with the preemtive option(s) enabled during the kernel compilation. If you need hard realtime, you can add a sub-layer to linux which handle hard real time jobs and let linux doing all other work, take a look to "adeos", "xenomai" etc...
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- Are there any other technical aspects that could be interesting for me?
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some other points that could interest you: take a look at
comedi which is an unified driver for the kind of stuff you want to do (if i have understand what you want). My personal opinion about linux is that it can unify your development live since applications written for linux can run from ARM9 to mainframe, it ease it too since you can use a plenty of code already existing etc... But, you have to know how linux work, and the best way to do it is to play with it, install it on your personal computer and look how it boot, how it's organized etc...
A last point, i think your post would be better suited under the "embedded" part of the forum.