Sure there is... if the only way to know would be from looking at the boot messages, couldn't one mount /var (of the other system) and open /logs/
messages in a text editor, which would contain the last boot messages of that system, which would (hopefully) tell you?
Alternatively, you could perhaps look in /sbin or /usr/sbin and see what you've got there-- if you find drakconf and rpmdrake, well, that's Mandrake; if you find redhat-config and the like, that's RedHat, and if you find YAST or YOU, you've got SuSE, and Apt would indicate Debian.
You might also check /usr/share/docs and see if the distribution help is installed; naturally that will say something about what distribution is installed as well.
Which version? If you haven't upgraded your kernel before this all happened, I'd actually suggest that once you know generally which distro class you're using (Debian, Mandrake, SuSE), I'd go to either
DistroWatch or search Google for which version of that particular distribution shipped with kernel 2.2.19.
Hope this helps. If I think of more signifiers that distros use to brand their installs, I'll let you know
.