Sounds like your partitions aren't mounting. Have you tried running a hard drive check? Not a fsck, because that just checks for filesystem corruption, not logical errors on a hard drive. If you haven't I recommend it.
Go to google, search for "drive fitness test" and download the cd iso. It's made by IBM. Burn the iso to a cd, put it in your cdrom drive and reboot your pc. It should boot off it. If not, go into your bios and enable your cdrom drive as a boot device. once booted, choose the option "IDE drivers" and when u get to the screen to run a test, RUN THE ADVANCED TEST. Not the quick test, it will take no less than 30 minutes to complete.
If this passes I also recommend a memory test. Once again go to google, and search for memtest+ . Download, burn the iso and boot from it. The test runs automatically.
Last, would be to verify your partition table isn't corrupted. Boot to a recovery disc and run "/sbin/fdisk -l" without quotes to make sure u still have a valid partition table
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