You can, but using the fonts in all parts of the system takes several steps (and this still may not be quite enough). Also know that most Windows fonts are not complete multi-byte fonts, meaning that the system default of utf-8 character encoding includes alot of characters that Windows fonts will not have. Some are, some are not.
Code:
mkdir /usr/share/fonts/win-ttf
cd /usr/share/fonts/win-ttf
cp /path/to/windows/install/WINDOWS/Fonts/*.ttf .
This copies all the TrueType fonts to the new directory you've created, I haven't messed with other font types. Then you need to setup a few things the fontserver uses.
Code:
mkfontdir
mkfontscale
fc-cache
This is a pretty old method of installing the fonts, there may be a better / preferred method now to follow instead -- anyway this should enable the fonts for the majority of the system.